País ocupa 152ª posição no ranking de representatividade delas no Congresso
Sim é isso mesmo, quando o assunto é proporção de mulheres na Câmara e no Senado perdemos até mesmo para o Afeganistão, que nem está tão bem cotado assim – entre 193 países, ocupa o 54º lugar na classificação.
O ranking com a representatividade feminina na política foi divulgado pela União Interparlamentar Internacional (UIP), com base em dados de janeiro de 2018. Países foram classificados levando em consideração o número de assentos ocupados por mulheres nas duas casas (Câmara ou Casa Baixa/Senado ou Casa Alta) de seus respectivos congressos.
Ruanda é o país com a maior porcentagem de mulheres em cargos políticos – 49 dos 80 lugares da Câmara são ocupados por elas. Na sequência, aparecem Bolívia, Cuba, Nicarágua (que subiu 9 lugares no ranking desde 2016), Suécia e México. Na lanterna do ranking vêm Omã, com 85 parlamentares e uma única mulher, a Confederação de Estados da Micronésia (14 representantes, 0 mulhers). Também zeram na lista Papua Nova Guiné e Vanuatu.
Dentre os 50 melhores colocados, é difícil estabelecer um padrão para definir as nações com mais igualdade de gênero na política: 19 deles ficam na Europa, 16 na África, 11 na América, três na Ásia e apenas um na Oceania.
Mas o fato é que estamos no 152º lugar do ranking. Não chega a ser 7 X1 para o Afeganistão, mas enquanto 27,4% dos representantes do congresso afegão são mulheres, aqui elas ocupam apenas 11,2% dos cargos parlamentares.
Ok, 54º lugar não é exatamente um ideal de igualdade. Mas o Afeganistão coleciona elementos que dificultam a compreensão da boa representatividade de suas mulheres na política. Primeiro porque é extremamente militarizado e vive em guerra.
Em um recente estudo do Instituto de Economia e Paz (IEP) sobre os países mais perigosos do mundo, o Afeganistão aparece em quarto lugar. O último grande conflito envolve grupos islâmicos extremistas que impõe severas restrições às mulheres. Por lá, as mulheres não podem andar na rua em locais ocupados pelo Estado Islâmico se não estiverem acompanhadas por um homem.
Além disso, o país viveu sob o regime Talibã de 1996 a 2001: na época, as mulheres eram proibidas de ir à escola, não participavam de decisões políticas e tinham que andar cobertas dos pés à cabeça. A primeira Constituição a defender (alguns) direitos iguais a homens e mulheres foi promulgada em 2004. Ou seja, faz 12 anos que as afegãs votam e são votadas.
Apesar da mudança nas leis, o Afeganistão é o quarto país com maior distinção de gênero em decisões legais. Uma mulher solteira não consegue tirar passaporte, não faz documento de identidade nem viaja sozinha. Também não existe nenhuma lei que as proteja contra assédio. E isso se reflete no mercado de trabalho: se você entrar em uma empresa afegã, verá poucas funcionárias – elas são apenas 16% da força de trabalho.
Convenhamos, Afeganistão não é um exemplo de nação democrática e Cabul está bem longe de ser Genebra. Mesmo assim, estão na nossa frente e diante de países progressistas como Uruguai, França e Austrália.
O trunfo das afegãs foi talhar seu lugar no principal documento do país: na Constituição de 2004 ficou estabelecido que 27% dos assentos da Câmara e 16% do Meshrano Jirga (o equivalente ao nosso Senado) seriam reservados às mulheres.
Fonte: Superinteressante
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